Apple is a temperate, especially cold temperate climate fruit. Apple is the type of fruit that needs winter rest the most. In order to meet the cooling need of apples in the experiments, it must be kept below + 7.2°C for 2322-3648 hours depending on the varieties. If it is below 0°C, it needs 1081-2094 hours of cooling. As a result of insufficient cooling, some of the flowers die, and the opening of the remaining flowers is both later and irregular than normal. Thus, late blooming flowers are shed due to lack of fertilization. In apple trees that have not recovered from its coldness, leaf eyes do not last and the tree remains bare. Apple also does not like high summer heat. When the temperature rises above 40°C, growth stops, and at higher temperatures, damage begins.

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Apple generally gives successful results in many soil types. The subsoil structure of the place where the garden will be established is important. The subsoil should be drained in such a way that the plant roots are never submerged in water and facilitate the spreading of the roots. Hard and water-retaining subsoil prevents development, negatively affects the growth and life of the tree. It is best if the subsoil is gravelly- loamy. It is desirable that the soil depth is 2 meters or more. The best soils for apple growing are loamy, loamy-sandy or sandy-loamy permeable soils with optimally 6.0-6.5 pH and normal lime and sufficient humus and moisture.

Although abundant flowers can be seen in apple orchards established with a single variety, the biggest reason for the lack of fruit set is the fertilization problem. Apple varieties are generally self-infertile. That is, they cannot be fertilized with their own pollen. They definitely need pollen from another pollinator variety. For this reason, a good mix of varieties should be arranged while the garden is being established. When mixing varieties, it is necessary to know the pollinator variety (or varieties) of the preferred main variety.

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Today, the number of apple varieties in the world exceeds 6 500, and this number reaches 460 in Turkey. Among these, the number of those that are high in quality and yield and that are grown commercially is very small. Apple cultivars have been formed by natural selection, random seedlings and spontaneous mutations in the cultivation areas for centuries. In today's modern apple cultivation, very superior varieties in terms of quality and yield have been obtained through hybridization breeding. As the growth strength of both the rootstock and the variety used in fruit growing decreases, in other words, as the tree becomes stunted, a step towards dense (dense planting) fruit growing. In intensive fruit growing, higher yields are obtained as more trees are used in the soot unit area. Product is taken at an early age from orchards established from dwarf trees. Labor force and costs are reduced, culture and maintenance practices are facilitated, and higher quality fruit production is possible. Dwarf apple trees, on the other hand, can be obtained either by using weak rootstocks or by using semi-dwarf growing "spur" type varieties.

Starkrimson Delicious and Starkspur Golden Delicious, the spur mutants of Starking Delicious and Golden Delicious, are widely grown in Turkey. Spur type apples facilitate maintenance work due to their growth characteristics. It attracts a lot of attention from breeders, especially because of their weak development and early fruiting. Since these bear fruit at an early age and even the year after planting, establishment costs are covered in a shorter time. In a series of studies carried out in Yalova Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute, some important apple varieties known in the world and apple varieties grown in our country were tried and the ones that gave the best results were selected as hopeful. Breeders of these have been established in production establishments and they have been distributed to breeders throughout the country.

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Planting Time Apple saplings can be planted from autumn (following leaf fall) until physiological activity begins (spring) in regions with warm winters and no precipitation. Spring planting should be preferred in regions with cold or rainy winters. Preparing the Garden Area for Planting A suitable soil leveling should be done for good irrigation of the land. When setting up a garden on sloping areas, setting (terracing) is a must. In places where ground water is high, drainage problem should be solved before planting in heavy (clay) soils that hold water. Before planting the place where the garden will be established, it would be correct to process deeply once and then surface once or twice. At least a few years must pass before an apple can be replanted in place of a removed apple orchard. Because it is necessary to take into account the phenomenon called soil fatigue.