Located on the most suitable climatic zone for viticulture in the world, Turkey, besides being the gene center of the vine, has an extremely old and deep-rooted viticulture culture. Southeastern Anatolia Region is the most grape producing region of Turkey after Aegean and Mediterranean regions and has a share of approximately 10% in the country's production.

Grapes, which are among our exported products in our country, have a high nutritional value, and according to the researches, they have vitamins A, B, B2 and C. Grapes are used in food every month of the year, since they can be consumed as dried, wine, must and canned grapes besides table consumption. In recent years, income is also obtained by exporting grape leaves. For this reason, since the Southeastern Anatolia Project, which is one of the biggest investments of our country, is located in our Region, technical and development studies have been started in the field of viticulture, as in every other subject.

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The basic condition for success in viticulture is to ensure that the vine is in a very good match with the climatic and soil factors of the region to be bonded. Therefore, while establishing a vineyard, it is necessary to thoroughly study the factors such as climate, soil, location - direction, rootstock and variety selection. 

Vine is a plant with a very long development period. It starts to develop when the daily temperature average reaches 10oC and continues to develop until the average temperature drops below this degree in autumn. Each grape variety needs a certain amount of heat in order to ripen the fruit well. The total annual active temperature of the region to be bonded must be at least 1600 °C. In order to make profitable viticulture, the annual average temperature should be 9-21 oC and the average of the hot months should be 17-20 oC. Candolle reports that a total temperature of 2900 oC is needed in a vegetation period for the development of the vine. Early maturing varieties require a total temperature of 1600-2000 oC during the period from full bloom to maturity, and 3000 oC or more for late maturing varieties.

Since the roots of the vine go deep, it can also grow in places that receive less rainfall than other plants. In addition to the annual precipitation amount, the distribution of precipitation is very important in terms of viticulture. 

Rainfall in winter and early spring is very beneficial for the vine. Continuing rains in the last period of spring and at the beginning of summer cause problems in terms of viticulture, especially since it causes an increase in fungal diseases.

Climatic factors are very important in viticulture. If the spring frosts in a place continue until the time of the shoot of the vines, the green parts will be damaged by the temperature below -1, -2 oC, and the vineyard will be damaged. Early frosts in autumn also prevent good woodiness of the wood part and cause the young vines to dry.

Winds have a great effect on vineyards. Provided that other climatic factors are available, places protected from winds are more suitable for viticulture.
Based on the observations of many years, it can be said that the climatic demands of the vineyard in the Southeastern Anatolia Region are at the desired level, and late spring and autumn frosts do not pose a problem in the region's viticulture.

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Vine root is a plant that goes deep. That's why it likes soft textured soils. Since vineyards develop best in dry or less rainy places in summer, it is desirable that the vineyard soil is deep and has a high water holding capacity. It grows even in poor soils after the soil structure is suitable for the development of roots. Native vines are highly tolerant of lime in the soil when grown on their own roots. However, if the American rootstock is to be used, attention should be paid to soil selection.

Clay soils in our region are very fertile and suitable for viticulture, provided that they are waterproof. Loamy soils are medium in terms of quality viticulture, but rich in nutrients for quantitative viticulture.
Calcareous soils are favored by red wine grape varieties. However, some American vine rootstocks do not grow. Although humus soils are not important for viticulture, it is desirable to have 5-10% humus in a good vineyard soil.

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After the land where chrysanthemum was made in the autumn is corrected in the spring, pits are dug in intervals and lengths that can be processed by animal or machine power. Since the climate of our region is hot, the order should be made in the east-west direction in order to reduce sun damage, and it should be steep on sloping lands. The trials made so far are 1.5-2 m. above the row in the newly established vineyards. 2.5-3 m between rows. proved that it should be. 

A pit two shovels deep and one shovel wide is dug in the marked places. It is more advantageous to make pits with a machine. Burnt farm manure should be mixed with fine soil at the bottom of the pits. For planting, pruning is done on the seedlings. The lateral and throat roots are cut completely and the bottom roots are cut all around over 10 cm. The strongest of the formed shoots are left. The pruned rooted stick or grafted rooted seedling with soil is placed in the middle of the opened pit, and after 10-15 cm of soil is poured into the pits dug so that at least 10-15 cm of the trunk of the sapling remains above the soil, the seedling should be compressed so that it does not get air. Then life water is given and a herk is planted next to the sapling to show its location.

During planting, sterile varieties (morphological hermaphrodite, physiological female) should not be planted purely. Because the pollen powders of these varieties do not have the ability to fertilize. For this, the planting plan should be made by planting a dam on eight vines or a pollinator on two rows. 

Flowering dates of cultivars used as paternity only should coincide with the cultivar to be fertilized.

There are standard planting forms in viticulture. These;
 

a. Square planting: It is applied in varieties that are cultivated by human power, weak, planted in the ground and require short pruning. In this way, the distance in plantings is 1-2 m. is
 

b. Rectangular planting: It is the shape given to the vineyards established with high training systems. In this way, the processing of vineyards is done by animal or machine power. The rows are narrow and the rows are wide. The spacing between the rows varies between 1-2 m, and the spacing between the rows varies between 2-3 m.

c. Triangle stitch: In this stitch, all three sides are equal. When six vines are combined, a hexagonal shape is formed. It is a difficult planting shape. It is mostly used in small businesses.

The issue of irrigation of vineyards is gaining importance especially because of the increasing prevalence of irrigation systems in our country. For the vine to grow and develop, the amount of water in the soil must be above the permanent wilting point. 
In the months of May-June, which is the rapid development period of the vine, and at the time of fall of the clusters (July), when there is not enough water in the root zone, the development of the vines slows down, the leaves become shriveled and their colors fade.

The grains in the clusters cannot take their normal size and their color becomes dull, sunburns increase on them. When faced with such situations, it should be understood that the vineyard needs water.

If the winter rains have fallen normally, the water retained by the soil is sufficient for the spring development of the vineyards. Soil tillage gives very good results when the pan comes after two irrigations and irrigations in the bottom vineyards where irrigation is possible. In case of a dry winter, it would be appropriate to give water and then tillage before the vineyards awaken.

In our region, it is seen that there is no irrigation in the vineyards due to the scarcity of water resources, the slope of the vineyards and the prejudice of the people. However, it has been observed that the newly planted vineyards are irrigated 2-3 times a year. However, considering that the spring and summer are dry in our region, which is included in the Southeastern Anatolia Project, it will be understood that irrigation of the vineyards is obligatory. For this reason, it is appropriate to irrigate 3-6 times according to the climate, especially in June, July and August.

Particular attention should be paid to irrigation in the vineyards immediately after flowering and at the beginning of the fall of the grains. In dry and wine vineyards, irrigation should be stopped 3-4 weeks before the fruit ripens.

The amount of water to be given to the vineyard varies according to the climate, soil and variety. 60-70 cm of the soil from the top should be saturated with water. In order to understand this, an iron rod should be dipped into the soil after irrigation and the depth at which it moves freely should be accepted as the processing level of the water. The water reaching the end of the row by filling the furrow with water is also used as a measure in determining the adequacy of the amount of water to be given.

In our country, irrigation in the vineyards is mostly done by furrow method. However, irrigation of vineyards with drip irrigation and sprinkler method has gained importance in recent years.

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Pruning the vine is a technical job that requires a lot of knowledge and skill. For this reason, it is necessary to know the physiology and pruning principles of the vine. Otherwise, the quality of the grapes decreases and the yield decreases. 

In pruning, which is caused by ecological and cultural reasons, the main thing is to leave as many fertile rods (eyes) as the vine can handle and to cut unnecessary rods on one-year shoots, provided that the location of the crop buds is known according to the grape varieties.

The vineyards of our region are generally pruned in the form of mixed pruning and resemble an irregular tapestry in shape. The most erroneous practice seen as pruning time is pruning in the fall. In our region, it is appropriate to prune in January-February, and even in March.

In terms of pruning, "guyot system" with 60-80 cm body height or "guyot + T", which is one of the wire training forms that allows both long and short mixed pruning over 5-8 eyes in terms of both obtaining a higher yield and quality and especially preventing pilling. "It is recommended to apply the manner of discipline.